CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF THE INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS (IDPs) IN NIGERIA
Author(s): Mohammed Amin Umar•Garba Umaru Kwagyang
Internally displaced persons are entitled to quantum ofHuman rights that are peculiar to them. These rights wereambitiously reiterated under international laws and otherinstruments as their entitlement, as vested rights belongingto the IDPs in Nigeria. The discourse within the purview ofthis paper is to critique these rights as to their applicationor implementation in Nigeria. Thus, Human rights aresolemnly declared in the 1999 constitution as non-violablerights but belonging to all human persons in Nigeria,including internally displaced persons. They areemphatically fundamental that a chapter was dedicated toit in the 1999 Constitution in Nigeria. However, theConstitution did not provide corresponding punishmentwhere these rights were violated but emphatically declaredthat the provisions are fundamental. This paper isconcerned with reparation rights to the IDPs which sadlythe federal government failed, neglected and refused topay. The methodology adopted herein is qualitative methodas the main thrust of this paper is to interrogate the existingstatutory framework and other instruments to determine theapplication and implementation or otherwise of these basicHuman rights that are peculiar to IDP in Nigeria. The paperfound that even though these basic rights were conceivedwithin Human rights interpretation, they were not enactedin any statutes in Nigeria; and therefore, not enforceable They are hollow expression with so much significance butno corresponding penalty in the event of violation. Finally,the paper will offer suggestions and recommendations.
TSANGAYA SYSTEM OF EDUCATION: AN EXPLORATION OF ITS HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND CONTEMPORARY PRACTICES FOR FUTURE PROSPECTS IN NORTHERN NIGERIA
Author(s): Atiku Said Haliru•Hafsat Muhammad Ali
The Tsangaya system of education, a traditional Islamiceducational model predominantly practiced in northernNigeria and parts of West Africa, has a rich historicallegacy and significant cultural relevance. This paperexplores historical context and contemporary practices ofTsangaya system of education for future prospects in thecontext of modern educational needs and reforms. Thepaper delves into the origins and evolution of the system,highlighting its contributions to the social fabric in itsheydays. The paper finds that Tsangaya system faces stiffchallenges. Such as its alignment with modern educationalstandards and the welfare of its students, known asAlmajirai ( of almajiri). Issues such as inadequateinfrastructure, lack of standardized curriculum, child labor,and poor living conditions of the Almajirai are examined indetail. Recommendations for legal and regulatoryframework for better policy interventions, stakeholdercollaboration, and sustainable funding mechanisms areprovided to support the modernization and revitalization ofthe system.
Preliminary Pages Volume VIII, No. 1 December, 2023
Author(s): UNIMAID JICOL
Volume VIII, No. 1 December, 2023
THE ELIGIBILITY CODE OF SPECIAL HEIRS TO INHERIT IN ISLAMIC LAW OF INHERITANCE: THE CHALLENGE OF MODERN SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND THE 1999 NIGERIAN CONSTITUTION
Author(s): Professor Umar S. Abbo Jimeta (new)
Heirs' eligibility to inherit is based on set-out grounds andconditions by Islamic law. The law is categorical on theunacceptability of the use of modern science andtechnology in establishing the conditions. Among the setout impediments or constraints to inheritance, four appearto be in conflict with Sections 38 (1) and 42 (2) of the 1999Nigerian Constitution. Therefore, there is need to refashionthem to allow for proper and free application of theconstraints, including trial for homicide cases to establishthe guilt of heirs in the issues of inheritance in the ShariaCourt of Appeal rather than English Courts. This can beachieved by expanding the jurisdiction of Sharia Court ofAppeal to cover criminal cases in inheritance matters or toterminate all Islamic personal law in the Sharia Court ofAppeal.
CHILD’S RIGHT TO EDUCATION IN ISLAMIC LAW: REFLECTIONS ON BOKO HARAM INSURGENCY
Author(s): Aishatu Kyari Sandabe , Mohammed BabaKano Aliyu , Ibrahim Muhammad Ahmad
Child access to education and protection of educationalfacilities are generally guaranteed under Islamic law.Parties to armed conflict, whether International ArmedConflict (IAC) or Non-International Armed Conflict(NIAC), are required to observe and protect child’s right toeducation. This paper focuses on Child’s right to educationduring Boko Haram conflict. The paper adopts a qualitativemethod of legal research. This involved analysis of existingliterature and interviews. The paper observed that, the nonstate armed groups adopted a disturbing method ofdeliberate attack on civilian’s object and particularly,violation of child’s right of access to education andeducational facilities. This phenomenon has called for theneed to strengthen the existing legal and institutionalframeworks towards ensuring the accountability of nonstate armed groups for human rights violations and theviolation of the child’s right to education. The paperconcludes that, the conduct and method of warfare used byBoko Haram insurgents does not comply with mainstream Islam and therefore violates Shari’ah; child’s access toeducation is a fundamental right and therefore guaranteedin Islamic law even during hostilities. Thus, it isrecommended amongst others that, there is need forconstructive dialogue with the armed groups within theconfine of international humanitarian law and Shari’ah forpositive sustainable child’s capacity development.
LEGAL CONUNDRUM OF AMNESTY GRANT AS MECHANISM FOR COMBATING TERRORISM IN NIGERIA: SHARI’AH STANDPOINT
Author(s): Onikosi A. A , Ahmed A. Muhammed-Mikaaeel
Amnesty grant is one of the powers conferred on the President orthe Governor as the case may be under the Nigerian constitution.The scope of amnesty grant covers pardoning of offenders beforeand after prosecutions. Nigerian government has over the yeargranted amnesties to offenders covering the foregoing. However,the legal conundrum cropped up with respect to amnesty grantedprior to offenders’ prosecution. The validity of the earlier actionsremains questionable due to the constitutional inadequacy. Thispaper thus examines the legal conundrum of the amnesty grant asmechanism for combating terrorism in Nigeria from Shari’ahstandpoint vide doctrinal method of legal research. The paperreveals that the Nigerian legal regime is adequate with respect togrant of amnesty to offenders after convictions. The grant ofamnesty prior to prosecution remains a serious legal issue as aresult of legislative inadequacy. The paper finds that suchinadequacy is absent in the jurisprudence of Islamic law as the realfocus of amnesty from Shari’ah standpoint is on that exercised infavour of the offender prior to prosecution upon the satisfaction ofthe requirements of repentance. Borrowing leaf from Shari’ahstandpoint, amendment of the legal framework for amnesty grantin Nigeria is accordingly recommended to put an end to the legalconundrum.
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) AS A MECHANISM FOR MANAGING THE EFFECTS OF COVID19 PANDEMIC: ISLAMIC LAW PERSPECTIVE
Author(s): Aliyu MUSTAPHA , Habibu Yunusa
The Covid-19 pandemic has posed serious social and economicchallenges to Global economy and financial buoyancy/status ofmost countries, states, communities, corporate bodies andindividuals. Encounters such as loss of life, loss of income,business closures, etc. are evident in almost all communitiesglobally. Managing these challenges and its aftermath requiresthe positive response and concerted efforts of States, CorporateBodies and other stakeholders at both local and internationallevel. Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs) are significantstakeholders in communities where they operate and are activeplayers in the socio-economic development of such communitiesin line with the spirit of Sharia provisions on Corporate SocialResponsibility (CSR). Similarly, CSR as one of the cardinalobjectives of IFIs is well entrenched in Islamic law such thatcertain activities are either mandated or recommended inprinciple. This paper using doctrinal approach examined theIslamic law perspective that promotes the operationalization ofCSR by IFIs through some highlighted policies such as zakat,waqf, qard hasan etc. These policies will generally assist inmitigating the socio-economic challenges faced by the societyand specifically those posed by Covid 19. The paper argued thatameliorating the effects of Covid 19 can best be achievedthrough the instrumentality of CSR by IFIs. Implementing CSRby IFIs is generally beneficial particularly to the immediatecommunities where they operate. The paper thereforerecommends for an enactment of viable laws that will mandatethe conduct of CSR by all IFIs in Nigeria and mandate such institutions to engage in more CSR that will positively impactthe society and alleviate the sufferings caused by Covid 19.
AN APPLICATION OF THE ISLAMIC FINANCE PRINCIPLE OF RIBA TO THE POS BUSINESS IN NIGERIA
Author(s): F.A KERA, Ph.D , MUHAMMAD SAMBO UMAR
This paper explored the application of the Islamic financeprinciple of Riba to the Point of Sale (POS) business inNigeria. Islamic finance operates on the principles ofIslamic law, which prohibits the charging of interest andemphasizes fairness, ethical conduct, and the sharing ofrisks. The paper adopted a doctrinal method of researchThe paper delved into the concept of Riba, both in its literaland technical meanings, emphasizing its prohibition inIslamic law as outlined in the Quran, Sunnah and theconsensus of Muslim jurists. Furthermore, the paperexamined the emergence and growth of the POS businessin Nigeria, a modern financial service introduced by theCentral Bank of Nigeria to facilitate cashless transactions.This business allows individuals to withdraw money, paybills, and engage in various financial transactions throughPOS terminals. The legality of this service in Islamic lawhas been a subject of debate among scholars, leading todivergent opinions. The paper categorized scholars intofour groups based on their views regarding thepermissibility of POS transactions. Some consider itprohibited (Haram) due to the commission charged by POSmerchants, while others deem it permissible (Halal).Another group suggests that POS can only be allowed insituations of desperate need (Darurat). The last groupadopts a middle-ground approach, distinguishing between different types of POS transactions and classifying themaccordingly. In conclusion, the paper underscored theimportance of a nuanced understanding of POStransactions in Islamic finance, highlighting that someforms may be Halal while others should be approachedwith caution. It encouraged further discussions andresearch on this topic, acknowledging that modernfinancial services like POS require continuous assessmentin the context of Islamic commercial jurisprudence.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF ISLAMIC BANKING OPERATIONS IN NIGERIA
Author(s): Isa Yusuf
There is strong argument weather the operation of Islamicbanking in Nigeria is constitutional or not. The right to engagein a financial system compatible with someone's faith is beyondsocial and economic rights and hence it falls under Chapter IVof the Constitution as the right to freedom of religion. As afundamental human right, the government has an obligation tofacilitate its actualization and the duty to put in placemechanisms to ensure it is not derogated upon except in themanner provided under Section 45(1) of the Constitution.Among the problem that this paper intends to address is to clearthe misconception by the antagonist of Islamic bankingoperations in Nigeria that it is an attempt to Islamized thecountry. This problem has generated prolong debate amongscholars. The aim of the paper therefore is to highlight andexamine the legal framework for the Islamic banking operationin Nigeria with the objective of clearing the doubt cast by theantagonist of Islamic banking operation. The methodologyadopted by the paper is doctrinal in nature (by way of contentanalysis of relevant laws and decided authorities). The paperobserved that the operation of Islamic banking in Nigeria has inno way contradict the spirit of the Constitution of the FederalRepublic of Nigeria 1999 (As Amended) thus, the paperrecommends that the stakeholders and council of experts inIslamic banking should provide means of making it operationmore effective just like other conventional banks so as to havewider coverage and more branches across the countries.
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